FLIGHT IN CLOUD
VFR · Private PilotProhibited. Cloud clearance minimums apply at all times under 91.155.
IFR · Instrument RatedAuthorized in controlled airspace under an ATC clearance.
WEATHER MINIMUMS
VFR · Private PilotTypically 3 statute miles visibility with prescribed cloud clearance in Class E below 10,000 ft MSL.
IFR · Instrument RatedNo en route visibility requirement. Landing is governed by published approach minima — as low as 200 ft AGL and ½ SM on a Category I ILS.
SEPARATION
VFR · Private PilotPilot responsibility. See-and-avoid; traffic advisories workload permitting.
IFR · Instrument RatedATC provides separation from other IFR traffic for the duration of the clearance.
AIRSPACE ACCESS
VFR · Private PilotClass A prohibited. Class B and C entry is contingent on weather and controller workload.
IFR · Instrument RatedClass A is available at FL180 and above with a clearance and required equipment.
DESTINATION PLANNING
VFR · Private PilotRequires forecast visual conditions on arrival, or the flight does not depart.
IFR · Instrument RatedAn alternate airport is filed when required by 91.169. A marginal forecast is planned for, not avoided.
LOSS OF VISUAL REFERENCE
VFR · Private PilotAn emergency. Recovery is not a trained-to-proficiency task.
IFR · Instrument RatedA normal operating condition, flown to published tolerances.